2015考研英語：新題型試題精選(三)

　　2015考研英語：新題型精選試題(三)

　　Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.Humans are thoughtful and creative，possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61)Furthermore，humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live，thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore，it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner，with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

　　“Anthropology”derives from the Green words anthropos“human”and logos“the study of”.By its very name，anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

　　Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

　　Social science disciplines include geography，economics，political science，psychology，and sociology.Each of thesesoical sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

　　All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity.Anthropology is a fieldstudy oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered firsthand，combined with a crosscultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present，makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

　　Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of19th century science. (64)Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom，and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. This insight，so profound in its simplicity，opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understa nding human life.Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned，shared，and patterned behavior.

　　(65)Thus，the anthropological concept of“culture”，like the concept of“set”in mathematics，is an abstract concept whichmakes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

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　　人類無時無地不在探究他們所居住的這個世界，并且驚嘆于他們所處的地方。人類有思想、有創(chuàng)造性，而且具有難以滿足的求知欲。(61)而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而讓所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從人類自己獨特的想法和想象。因此，運用冷靜和系統(tǒng)的方法對人類的廣泛性與多樣性進行研究，是至關重要的。我們希望通過這些研究獲得的知識可以促進人與人之間、以及人類與地球上的所有其他物種更加和諧地共存。

　　“人類學”一詞起源于希臘語anthropos(人類)和logos(對于…的研究)。顧名思義，人類學包含了對全人類的研究。

　　人類學屬于社會科學。(62)社會科學是知識探索的一個分支，它力圖像自然科學有研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類及其行為。

　　社會科學包括地理學、經(jīng)濟學、政治學、心理學和社會學等學科。社會學的每一學科都包含一門與人類學密切相關的分支或專業(yè)。

　　一切社會科學都以研究人類為核心。人類學是一門以實地考查為導向的學科，在研究中需要廣泛地運用比較法。(63)強調收集第一手資料，加上在分析過去和現(xiàn)在文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角，使得這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學。

　　人類學的研究在很大程度上取決于文化觀念。愛德華?泰勒先生提出的文化概念是十九世紀杰出的理論成就之一。(64)泰勒把文化定義為“…一個復合整體，它包括人作為社會成員所獲得的主仰、藝術、道德、法律、風俗以及其它能力和習慣”。這一概念雖然簡潔，但卻含義深刻，它為認識和理解人類生活開創(chuàng)了一條嶄新的道路。泰勒關于文化的定義暗示出這樣一個概念，即文化是后天習得的、與他人共享的和形成固定模式的行為。

　　(65)因此，人類學中的“文化”概念就像數(shù)學中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。