2020考研英語詞匯之形態(tài)學概述

　　2020的考生已經(jīng)進入復習的狀態(tài)，然而對于考研小白來說，問題一籮筐。對于想要參加2020考研的小伙伴們來說，還處于摸索階段，考研英語復習首先對于基礎常識要有了解，復習之初最好把這些都搞明白，然后有針對性的開展復習，英語復習必然從背單詞開始。下面總結(jié)了2020考研英語詞匯之形態(tài)學概述，供大家參考。

　　一、形態(tài)學的定義

　　二、Word Formation

　　(1) Derivation

　　Derivation shows the relation between roots and suffixes. In contrast with inflections, derivations can make the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged.

　　(2) Compound

　　Compounds refer to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as ice-cream, sunrise, paper bag, railway, restroom, simple-minded, wedding-ring, etc.

　　(3) Invention

　　Since economic activities are the most important and dynamic in human life, many new lexical items come directly from the consumer items, their producers or their brand names.

　　發(fā)明法： 發(fā)明法又叫造詞, 指直接用某一種商品的生產(chǎn)商或者商標的名字作為該類產(chǎn)品名稱的造詞方法, 例如,Kodak, Coke, nylon, granola 等, 它們都已經(jīng)成為了代表新事物的新創(chuàng)詞語。

　　(4) Blending

　　Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

　　混成法:混成法是一種相對復雜的復合形式,由兩個單詞混合而成, 一般把第一個單詞的開頭部分和第二個單詞的最后部分連接起來, 或者是把兩個單詞的開頭部分連接起來

　　(5) Abbreviation / clipping

　　A new word is created by cutting the final part, cutting the initial part or cutting both the initial parts of the original words.

　　(6) Acronym

　　Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.

　　(7) Back-formation

　　Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imaged affix from a longer form already in the language.

　　(6) Analogical creation

　　The principle of analogical creation can account for the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation of some English verbs.

　　(7) Class shift / Zero-derivation / conversion

　　By shifting word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to process or attribution.

　　(8) Borrowing

　　English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages. Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Arabic and other languages have all played an active role in this process.

　　三、Morpheme

　　Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.

　　屈折詞素就是通過添加詞綴體現(xiàn)語法關系，比如數(shù)、人稱、有定性、體、格，不改變所附加詞語的語法類。

　　派生詞綴是加在詞干上構成新詞的詞綴。這種構成新詞的方法叫派生法，所構成的詞叫派生詞。

　　派生詞綴又根據(jù)在單詞中的位置分為前綴和后綴兩類。前綴出現(xiàn)在單詞的前邊。前綴的主要功能是改變詞干的語義，一般來說前綴不改變詞的詞性，如，當我們在friendly前邊加上un-時，它的語義發(fā)生了改變，但是單詞的詞性不變。但是，也有一些例外情況，如：unearth, enlarge, prewar等。后綴加在詞干的后邊。后綴主要改變詞性，也可以改變語義的功能。